Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract, ethanol, methanol and ashes two species ramosissimum and telmateia of Equisetum arvense on several bacterial species and Yeast

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Fatemeh Eslamiyan ¹
• Sadigheh Mehrabiyan ²
• Ahmad Majd ²

¹ Ms of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Management, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran

² Professor in Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Management, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Bacterial infections are one of the major health challenges and authorities in this field are faced with many problems especially bacterial resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and the ash of two species of horse tail herb against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and investigate its effect on eukaryotic cells.
Methods: Aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts and ash were prepared from two horse tail species. In order to evaluate antibacterial function, well diffusion test was used by measuring inhibitory halo diameter on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and E. coli. For determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on these strains micro broth dilution method was applied. To evaluate its effect on the eukaryotic cells, blood agar medium was used.
Results: Based on agar diffusion test, the halo of no bacterial growth was associated with extracts in different ranges in standard strains. The MIC was determined using the micro broth dilution. These extracts had no effects on red blood cells and did not produce hemolysis on blood agar medium.
Conclusion: Horsetail extract can be used to treat fungal and bacterial infections either lonely or in combination with other antimicrobial agents. Due to its antimicrobial potential, it can especially be considered in the cases of drug resistance.

Keywords

• Horsetail extract
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Candida Albicans
• E. coli
• Antimicrobial activity
• Minimum inhibitory concentration

---

References

1. Archer GL, Climo MW. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia--consider the source. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(1): 55-6.

2. Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE, Hammerman WA, Lamberth L, Versalovic J, et al. Three-year surveillance of

community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(12): 1785-91.

3. Shajari GR, Moniri R. Pattern of Staphylococcous aureus susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics in Kashan. J Kashan Univ Med Sic (Feyz) 2002; 6(3): 31-6. [In Persian].

4. Perumal P, Mekala S, Chaffin WL. Role for Cell Density in Antifungal Drug Resistance in Candida albicans Biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51(7): 2454-63.

5. Seneviratne CJ, Jin LJ, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. Cell density and cell aging as factors modulating antifungal resistance of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52(9): 3259-66.

6. Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ. Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55(Pt 8): 999-1008.

7. Johnson JR. Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4(1): 80-128.

8. Lemonnier M, Landraud L, Lemichez E. Rho GTPase-activating bacterial toxins: from bacterial virulence regulation to eukaryotic cell biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31(5): 515-34.

9. Davis JM, Carvalho HM, Rasmussen SB, O’Brien AD. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 delivered by outer membrane vesicles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli attenuates polymorphonuclear leukocyte antimicrobial activity and chemotaxis. Infect Immun 2006; 74(8): 4401-8.

10. Norouzi J, Vali GR, Yousefi H. Surveying the effects of different methods of motations on the antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmids in E. coli and S. aureus. J Kashan Univ Med Sic (Feys) 2004; 8(1): 1-8. [In Persian].

11. Makovee JA, Ruegg PL. Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222(11): 1582-9.

12. James TK, Rahman A. Chemical control of field horsetail (Equisetum arvense). Biology and Control of Weeds 2010; 63: 102-7.

13. Beckert C, Horn C, Schnitzler JP, Lehning A, Heller W, Veit M. Styrylpyrone biosynthesis in Equisetum arvense. Phytochemistry 1997; 44(2): 275-83.

14. Čanadanović-Brunet JM, Ćetković GS, Djilas SM, Tumbas VT, Savatović SS, Mandić AI, et al. Radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009; 44(2): 269-78.

15. Radulovi N, Stojanović G, Palić R. Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Equisetum arvense L. Essential Oil. Phytother Res 2006; 20(1): 85-8.

16. Emin Uslu M, Erdogan I, Bayraktar O, Ates M. Optimization of extraction conditions for active components in Equisetum arvense extract. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 2013; 18(2): 8115-31.

17. Vesna M, Niko R, Zoran T. Miroslavast, gordanast, antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity screening of hydro-alcoholic extracts of five Serbian Equisetum species. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2007;62:113-9.

18. Stajner D, Popović BM, Canadanović-Brunet J, Anackov G. Exploring Equisetum arvense L., Equisetum ramosissimum L. and Equisetum telmateia L. as sources of natural antioxidants. Phytother Res 2009; 23(4): 546-50.

19. Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Cvejic J, Jovin E, Orcic D, Bozin B. Phenolic compounds in field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) as natural antioxidants. Molecules 2008; 13(7): 1455-64.

20. Fathi Azad F, Lotfipour F. Study on the invitro antimicrobial activity of Achillea millefolium and Equisetum arvense. Pharm Sci 2004; 1: 37-46.