The Effect of A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Ergometer on Inflammatory and Hormonal Markers in Active Girls

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Mozhgan Ahmadi
• Saeedeh Shadmehri

Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Exercise is an important strategy for reducing the risk of chronic disease, and recent research has focused on its role in the improvement of the inflammatory profile. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on ergometer on inflammatory and hormonal markers in active girls. Methods: 16 physical education students with average age of 20.25 ±0.9 years, maximal oxygen uptake of 42.14±9.8 ml/kg/m and body mass index of 22.11±2.66 kg/m2 were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group pedaled on ergometer with intensity of 75 % VO2max for 60 minutes and the control group had no activity during the test. Blood samples for measuring the levels of IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, cortisol, epinephrine were taken before, immediately and 2 hours after termination of the exercise. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc at P 0.05). The mean values of CRP (P=0.002) and cortisol (P=0.001) were higher in the experimental group than the control group. In addition, the mean values of epinephrine in the control group were higher than the experimental group (P=0.009), while no significant difference was observed between the two experimental and control groups in the concentration of IL-10 (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of study, it seems that an exercise session on an ergometer does not affect hormonal and inflammatory factors in active subjects.

Keywords

• Exercise
• Hormone- Immune Responses
• Active Girls

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References

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6. Subirana I, Fitó M, Diaz O, Vila J, Francés A, Delpon E, et al. Prediction of coronary disease incidence by biomarkers of inflammation, oxidation, and metabolism. Sci Rep. 2018; 23 8 (4): 1- 7.
7. Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Novel clinical markers of vascular wall inflammation. Circ Res. 2001; 89 (9): 763- 771.
8. Pedersen B. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays Biochem. 2006; 42 (1): 105- 117.
9. Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, Christophe E. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006; 444 (7121): 875- 880.
10. Horowitz JF, Leone TC, Feng W, Kelly DP, Klein S. Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARα in the metabolic response to training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279 (2): 348- 355.
11. Hammett CJ, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R, et al. Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006; 151 (2): 367- 367.
12. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000; 80 (3): 1055- 1081.
13. Gray SR, Baker G, Wright A, Fitzsimons CF, Mutrie N, Nimmo MA. The effect of a 12 week walking intervention on markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Prev Med. 2009; 48 (1): 39- 44.
14. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2006; 20 (3): 201- 29.
15. Azimian E, Ranjbar R, Shakerian S, Habibi Ah. Comparison of an acute bout of concurrent exercise of different intensities on C- reactive protein (CRP) in active men. JJHS. 2015; 13 (6): 617- 626.
16. Lasisi TJ, Adeniyi AF. Effects of acute exercise on salivary free insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 in sportsmen. Afr Health Sci. 2016; 16 (2): 560- 566.
17. Windsor TM, Bailey TG, Perissio M, Meital L, GolledgeJ, Russell FD, et al. Cytokine responses to acute exercise in healthy older adults: the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Physiol. 2018; 15 (9): 203- 209.
18. Minuzzi LG, Rama L, Bishop NC, Rosado F, Martinho A, Paiva A. Lifelong training improves anti-inflammatory environment and maintains the number of regulatory T cells in master’s athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117 (6): 1131- 1140.
19. Fischer CP. Interleukin- 6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006; 12 (6): 21- 33.
20. Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effects of highintensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. Int J Obes. 2008; 32 (4): 684- 691.
21. Kaspar F, Jelinek HF, Perkins S, Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy, Bev deJong, and Eugene Butkowski. Acute-Phase Inflammatory Response to Single-Bout HIIT and Endurance Training: A Comparative Study. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 68(4): 1-6.
22. Zwetsloot KA, John CS, Lawrence MM, Battista RA, Shanely RA. High-intensity interval training induces a modest systemic inflammatory response in active young men. J Inflamm Res. 2014; 9 (7): 9- 17.
23. Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling p, Pedersen BK. Pro– and anti -inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol. 1999; 515 (1): 287- 291
24. Cabral- Santos C, Gerosa- Neto J, Inoue DS, Panissa Valéria LG, Gobbo LA, Moura Zagatto A, et al. Similar anti-inflammatory acute rsponses from moderate- intensity continuous and high- intensity intermittent exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2015; 14 (4): 849- 856.
25. Sugama K, Suzuki K, Yoshitani K, Shiraishi K, Kometani T. Urinary excretion of cytokines versus their plasma levels after endurance exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2013; 19 (1): 29- 48.
26. Lira FS, Rosa JC, Yamashita AS, Koyama CH, Batista ML, et al. Endurance training induces depot-specific changes in IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in rat adipose tissue. Cytokine. 2009; 45 (2): 80- 85.
27. Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J. 2003; 17 (8): 884- 886.
28. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 98 (4): 1154- 1162.
29. Peak J, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K, Laursen PB, Suzuki K. Carbohydrate gel ingestion and immunoenducrine responses to cycling in temperate and hot conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 18 (3): 229- 246.
30. Jimenez C, Bruno M, Gustave S. Effect of passive hyperthermia versus exercise- induced hyperthermia on immune responses: hormonal implications. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2007; 18 (3): 37- 44.
31. Scott J, Sale C, Greeves JP, Casey A, Dutton J, Fraser WD. Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43 (12): 2297- 306.
32. Mendham AE, Donges CE, Liberts EA, Duffield R. Effects of mode and intensity on the acute exercise induced IL- 6 and CRP responses in a sedentary, overweight population. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111 (6): 1035- 1045.
33. Neubauer O, König D, Wagner KH. Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104 (3): 417- 426.
34. Kher A, Wang M, Tsai BM, Pitcher JM. Sex diffrenses in the myocardial inflammatory response to acute injury. Shock. 2005; 23 (1): 1- 10.
35. Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and high sensitivity C-Reactive protein. Sports Med. 2006; 36 (5): 443- 458.
36. Kleiven O, Bjorkavoll-Bergseth M, Melberg T, Skadberg O, Bergseth R, Selvag J, et al. High physical fitness is associated with reduction in basal- and exercise-induced inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017; 28 (1): 172- 179.
37. Akhtari SE, Farajov A, Jafari A. Effect of moderate aerobic cycling on some systemic inflammatory markers in healthy active collegiate men. Int J Gen Med. 2011; 4 (3): 79- 84.

1.      Hammett CJK, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R, et al. Effect of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006; 151 (2): 3678- 36716.

2.      Pontiroli AE, Pizzocri P, Koprivec D, Vedani P, Marchi M, Aecelloni C, et al. Body weight and glucose metabolism have a different on circulating levels of ICAM-1, E-selectin, and endothelin-1 in humans. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 150 (3): 195- 200.

3.      Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease events: inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41 (6): 1206- 1211.

4.      Welsh P, Grassia G, Botha S, Sattar N, Maffia P. Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk: a realistic clinical prospect?. Br J Pharmacol. 2017; 174 (22): 3898- 3913.

5.      Bruunsgard H. Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation. J Leukoc Biol. 2005; 78 (4): 819- 835.

6.      Subirana I, Fitó M, Diaz O, Vila J, Francés A, Delpon E, et al. Prediction of coronary disease incidence by biomarkers of inflammation, oxidation, and metabolism. Sci Rep. 2018; 23 8 (4): 1- 7.

7.      Blake GJ, Ridker PM. Novel clinical markers of vascular wall inflammation. Circ Res. 2001; 89 (9): 763- 771.

8.      Pedersen B. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays Biochem. 2006; 42 (1): 105- 117.

9.      Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, Christophe E. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006; 444 (7121): 875- 880.

10.  Horowitz JF, Leone TC, Feng W, Kelly DP, Klein S. Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARα in the metabolic response to training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 279 (2): 348- 355.

11.  Hammett CJ, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R, et al. Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006; 151 (2): 367- 367.

12.  Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000; 80 (3): 1055- 1081.

13.  Gray SR, Baker G, Wright A, Fitzsimons CF, Mutrie N, Nimmo MA. The effect of a 12 week walking intervention on markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Prev Med. 2009; 48 (1): 39- 44.

14.  Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2006; 20 (3): 201- 29.

15.  Azimian E, Ranjbar R, Shakerian S, Habibi Ah. Comparison of an acute bout of concurrent exercise of different intensities on C- reactive protein (CRP) in active men. JJHS. 2015; 13 (6): 617- 626.

16.  Lasisi TJ, Adeniyi AF. Effects of acute exercise on salivary free insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 in sportsmen. Afr Health Sci. 2016; 16 (2): 560- 566.

17.  Windsor TM, Bailey TG, Perissio M, Meital L, GolledgeJ, Russell FD, et al. Cytokine responses to acute exercise in healthy older adults: the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Physiol. 2018; 15 (9): 203- 209.

18.  Minuzzi LG, Rama L, Bishop NC, Rosado F, Martinho A, Paiva A. Lifelong training improves anti-inflammatory environment and maintains the number of regulatory T cells in master’s athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017; 117 (6): 1131- 1140.

19.  Fischer CP. Interleukin- 6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2006; 12 (6): 21- 33.

20.  Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effects of highintensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. Int J Obes. 2008; 32 (4): 684- 691.

21.  Kaspar F, Jelinek HF, Perkins S, Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy, Bev deJong, and Eugene Butkowski. Acute-Phase Inflammatory Response to Single-Bout HIIT and Endurance Training: A Comparative Study. Mediators Inflamm. 2016; 68(4): 1-6.

22.  Zwetsloot KA, John CS, Lawrence MM, Battista RA, Shanely RA. High-intensity interval training induces a modest systemic inflammatory response in active young men. J Inflamm Res. 2014; 9 (7): 9- 17.

23.  Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Asp S, Schjerling p, Pedersen BK. Pro– and anti -inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J Physiol. 1999; 515 (1): 287- 291

24.  Cabral- Santos C, Gerosa- Neto J, Inoue DS, Panissa Valéria LG, Gobbo LA, Moura Zagatto A, et al. Similar anti-inflammatory acute rsponses from moderate- intensity continuous and high- intensity intermittent exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2015; 14 (4): 849- 856.

25.  Sugama K, Suzuki K, Yoshitani K, Shiraishi K, Kometani T. Urinary excretion of cytokines versus their plasma levels after endurance exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2013; 19 (1): 29- 48.

26.  Lira FS, Rosa JC, Yamashita AS, Koyama CH, Batista ML, et al. Endurance training induces depot-specific changes in IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in rat adipose tissue. Cytokine. 2009; 45 (2): 80- 85.

27.  Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, Febbraio M, Pedersen BK. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. FASEB J. 2003; 17 (8): 884- 886.

28.  Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005; 98 (4): 1154- 1162.

29.  Peak J, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K, Laursen PB, Suzuki K. Carbohydrate gel ingestion and immunoenducrine responses to cycling in temperate and hot conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 18 (3): 229- 246.

30.  Jimenez C, Bruno M, Gustave S. Effect of passive hyperthermia versus exercise- induced hyperthermia on immune responses: hormonal implications. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2007; 18 (3): 37- 44.

31.  Scott J, Sale C, Greeves JP, Casey A, Dutton J, Fraser WD. Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43 (12): 2297- 306.

32.  Mendham AE, Donges CE, Liberts EA, Duffield R. Effects of mode and intensity on the acute exercise induced IL- 6 and CRP responses in a sedentary, overweight population. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111 (6): 1035- 1045.

33.  Neubauer O, König D, Wagner KH. Recovery after an Ironman triathlon: sustained inflammatory responses and muscular stress. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104 (3): 417- 426.

34.  Kher A, Wang M, Tsai BM, Pitcher JM. Sex diffrenses in the myocardial inflammatory response to acute injury. Shock. 2005; 23 (1): 1- 10.

35.  Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and high sensitivity C-Reactive

protein. Sports Med. 2006; 36 (5): 443- 458.

36.  Kleiven O, Bjorkavoll-Bergseth M, Melberg T, Skadberg O, Bergseth R,

37.  Selvag J, et al. High physical fitness is associated with reduction in basal- and exercise-induced inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017; 28 (1): 172- 179.

38.  Akhtari SE, Farajov A, Jafari A. Effect of moderate aerobic cycling on some systemic inflammatory markers in healthy active collegiate men. Int J Gen Med. 2011; 4 (3): 79- 84.