The Effect of Physical Activity on Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscles: A Literature Review

Authors

• Keyvan Hejazi ¹
• Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh Hosseini ²
• Mehrdad Fathi ²
• Mohammad Mosaferi Ziaaldini ²

¹ Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Toos Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran

² Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The importance of changing the color of white adiposities into brown is due to the fact that it can have anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects by adjusting energy balance (by converting storage form into energy consumption). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity on adipose tissue and skeletal muscles. Methods: In this review, were searched online databases including Google Scholar, SID and PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus using the following keywords: “Training”, “Exercise”, “Physical activity”, “Mayokin”, “Adipose tissue”, “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)”,“ Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)”, “Irisin” and ” Uncoupling proteins 1 (UCP-1)”. All articles including research studies, review articles, descriptive and analytical studies, and cross-sectional research, published during 1998-2017, were reviewed. Results: Based on our literature review, physical exercise can be effective as an adipose tissue activated agent in the prevention and treatment of obesity. In this regard, irisin seems to be influenced by a variety of sports activities and is a significant factor in the conversion of white to brown adipose tissues and can play a role in weight loss and increase the body thermogenesis. Conclusion: According to these studies, the expression of irisin and FNDC5 converts white adipose into brown adipose and increases the energy consumption. Regular exercise training on preventing obesity, diabetes and its complications, and improving health have already been proven; but the point is that these beneficial effects are due to the cellular-molecular mechanism is still under discussion.

Keywords

• Exercise
• Mayokin
• PGC-1α
• Irisin

---

References

1.   McMurray RG, Hackney AC. Interactions of metabolic hormones, adipose tissue and exercise. Sports Med. 2005; 35 (5): 393- 412.

2.   Gibala MJ, Little JP, Van Essen M, Wilkin GP, Burgomaster KA, Safdar A, et al. Short‐term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physio. 2006; 575 (3): 901- 911.

3.   Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1- dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012; 481 (7382): 463- 468.

4.   Winn NC, Grunewald ZI, Liu Y, Heden TD, Nyhoff LM, Kanaley JA. Plasma irisin modestly increases during moderate and high-intensity afternoon exercise in obese females. PLoS One. 2017; 12 (1): e0170690.

5.   Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski M, Korde A, LY JC, L KA. A PGC1α- dependent myokine that drives browning of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481 (7382): 463- 468.

6.   Nygaard H, Slettaløkken G, Vegge G, Hollan I, Whist JE, Strand T, et al. Irisin in blood increases transiently after single sessions of intense endurance exercise and heavy strength training. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (3): e0121367.

7.   Oelmann S, Nauck M, Völzke H, Bahls M, Friedrich N. Circulating irisin concentrations are associated with a favourable lipid profile in the general population. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (4): e0154319.

8.   Norheim F, Langleite TM, Hjorth M, Holen T, Kielland A, Stadheim HK, et al. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on PGC‐1α, irisin and browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. FEBS J. 2014; 281 (3): 739- 749.

9.   Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos D, Tambalis K, Chrysohoou C, Sidossis L, Skoumas J, et al. Resistance exercise plus to aerobic activities is associated with better lipids’ profile among healthy individuals: the ATTICA study. An In J Med. 2009; 102 (9): 609- 616.

10. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pre Med. 2009; 48 (1): 9- 19.

11. Blair SN, LaMonte MJ, Nichaman MZ. The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough?. Am J Clin Nut. 2004; 79 (5): 913S- 920S.

12. Little JP, Safdar A, Bishop D, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Am J Phy Reg Inte Com Physio. 2011; 300 (6): R1303- R1310.

13. Suwa M, Nakano H, Radak Z, Kumagai S. Endurance exercise increases the SIRT1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α protein expressions in rat skeletal muscle. Met. 2008; 57 (7): 986- 998.

14. Hee Park K, Zaichenko L, Brinkoetter M, Thakkar B, Sahin-Efe A, Joung KE, et al. Circulating irisin in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endo Met. 2013; 98 (12): 4899- 4907.

15. Medina-Gomez G, Gray S, Vidal-Puig A. Adipogenesis and lipotoxicity: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγcoactivator-1 (PGC1). Public Health Nut. 2007; 10 (10A): 1132- 1137.

16. Ye L, Wu J, Cohen P, Kazak L, Khandekar MJ, Jedrychowski MP, et al. Fat cells directly sense temperature to activate thermogenesis. Pro Nat Aca Sci. 2013; 110 (30): 12480- 12485.

17. Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Yang E, Balaguer P, Yarmush ML, Nahmias Y. Transcriptional regulation of human and rat hepatic lipid metabolism by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin: role of PPARα, PPARγ and LXRα. PLoS One. 2010; 5 (8): e12399.

18. Lira VA, Benton CR, Yan Z, Bonen A. PGC-1α regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity. Am J Phy Endo Met. 2010; 299 (2): E145- E161.

19. Shabalina IG, Petrovic N, de Jong JM, Kalinovich AV, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue mitochondria is functionally thermogenic. Cell Rep. 2013; 5 (5): 1196- 1203.

20. Wrann CD. FNDC5/Irisin–their role in the nervous system and as a mediator for beneficial effects of exercise on the brain. Brain Plasticity. 2015; 1 (1): 55- 61.

21. Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone. 2015; 80: 115- 125.

22. Echtay KS. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins what is their physiological role?. Free Rad Bio Med. 2007; 43 (10): 1351- 1371.

23. Arechaga I, Ledesma A, Rial E. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1: a gated pore. IUBMB Life. 2001; 52 (3‐5): 165- 173.

24. Seebacher F, Glanville EJ. Low levels of physical activity increase metabolic responsiveness to cold in a rat (Rattus fuscipes). PLoS One. 2010; 5 (9): e13022.

25. Slocum N, Durrant JR, Bailey D, Yoon L, Jordan H, Barton J, et al. Responses of brown adipose tissue to diet-induced obesity, exercise, dietary restriction and ephedrine treatment. Exp Toxic Path. 2013; 65 (5): 549- 557.

26. Xu X, Ying Z, Cai M, Xu Z, Li Y, Jiang SY, et al. Exercise ameliorates high-fat diet-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunction, and increases adipocyte progenitor cell population in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Reg Inte Com Phy. 2011; 300 (5): R1115- R1125.

27. De Matteis R, Lucertini F, Guescini M, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Stocchi V, et al. Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutr Met Cardio Dis. 2013; 23 (6): 582- 590.

28. Alcendor RR, Gao S, Zhai P, Zablocki D, Holle E, Yu X, et al. Sirt1 regulates aging and resistance to oxidative stress in the heart. Circu Res. 2007; 100 (10): 1512- 1521.

29. Rodgers JT, Puigserver P. Fasting-dependent glucose and lipid metabolic response through hepatic sirtuin 1. Proc Nat Acad of Sci. 2007; 104 (31): 12861- 12866.

30. Cross WL, Roby MA, Deschenes MR, Harris MB. Myocardial SIRT1 expression following endurance and resistance exercise training in young and old rats. FASEB J. 2008; 22 (1): 753- 759.

31. Zhong L, D'Urso A, Toiber D, Sebastian C, Henry RE, Vadysirisack DD, et al. The histone deacetylase Sirt6 regulates glucose homeostasis via Hif1α. Cell. 2010; 140 (2): 280- 293.

32. Costford SR, Bajpeyi S, Pasarica M, Albarado DC, Thomas SC, Xie H, et al. Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans. Am J Phy-End Met. 2009; 298 (1): E117- E126.

33. Menzies KJ, Singh K, Saleem A, Hood DA. Sirtuin 1-mediated effects of exercise and resveratrol on mitochondrial biogenesis. J Bio Chem. 2013; 288 (10): 6968- 6979.

34. Hasegawa K, Wakino S, Yoshioka K, Tatematsu S, Hara Y, Minakuchi H, et al. Sirt1 protects against oxidative stress-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis by the bidirectional regulation of catalase expression. Bio Res Comm. 2008; 372 (1): 51- 56.